Oral Fungal Infections

 Fungus of the Candida genus is normal inhabitants of the oral cavity (Reichart, Samaranayake, & Philipsen, 2000). These fungi are kept in check by innate immune defenses and competition with resident commensal bacteria. However, given the proper conditions, Candida fungi can cause opportunistic candidiasis in specific locations, or systemically. Roughly half of all cases of candidiasis are caused by the specific species Candida albicans.

The likelihood of developing oral candidiasis is increased with reduced salivary flow, improperly managed diabetes, in individuals with comprised immune systems, and denture use.
Candidiasis can present in a variety of ways and affect a range of tissues (Reichart et al., 2000).
      
Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
    Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis presents as white or yellowish-white plaques on the interior tissues of the oral cavity. These plaques can be easily debrided, but typically leave a bleeding or erythematous mark. Acute erythematous candidiasis involves the formation of red lesions on the tongue, buccal mucosa, or palate.

These lesions are painful and cannot be removed. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis presents as white lesions that are not removable with gentle debridement (Reichart et al., 2000).
    Angular Cheilitis
    Another common oral fungal infection is angular cheilitis, which manifests in the corners of the mouth as radiating fissures.
    
    While these afflictions have variable severity, they are the most destructive and occur most frequently in people with comprised immune systems.

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