Microbiologic Considerations

 Bacterial Infections
  Oral bacterial infections can be caused by the proliferation of a diverse population of bacterial species. Most oral bacteria are anaerobic and the most common bacteria associated with odontogenic infections are the anaerobic, gram-positive Peptostreptococcus and Streptococcus milleri, and gram-negative Bacteroides (Harp, 2014).
      
Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls underlying their outer glycoprotein S-layer, whereas gram-negative species do not have an external peptidoglycan cell wall. This distinction has consequences for the mechanism that activates the immune response (Tietze et al., 2006).
Causes of Infection
Approximately 50% of oral infections are caused by populations of purely anaerobic bacteria; whereas infections from mixed populations of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria cause 44% of infections, with only 6% resulting from populations of purely aerobic species (Gregoire, 2010)
  2. Odontogenic Infections
  Odontogenic infections, meaning infections that are adjacent to or within a tooth, are caused by bacteria and have multiple stages of development when causing progressive tissue destruction.
      
The genesis of Odontogenic infections
    These infections begin with inoculation of the bacteria within spaces in the periapical region of a necrotic tooth or in periodontal pockets causing softening of the overlying mucosa (Gregoire, 2010).

Due to the relatively superficial locations of these environments, oxygen is present at high levels and aerobic bacteria are the primary cause of initial infection. This stage may present with minor discomfort to the patient.

The introduction of aerobic bacteria begins the cellulitis stage where the surrounding tissue becomes damaged and inflamed, causing the tissue to feel stiff or swollen with a reddish hue. This stage is associated with greater discomfort for the patient.
    Effects of Odontogenic infections
    After the destruction of surrounding tissue, bacteria can continue to proliferate and form an abscess beneath the mucosa.
    
    In the spatially restricted environment of an abscess, oxygen levels are low and the majority of bacterial species present are anaerobic.
    
    These abscesses cause significant discomfort and can be identified by the tenderness of the overlying mucosa and pus appearing from the abscess (Gregoire, 2010)(Miliro, 2012). The time between bacterial inoculation to the formation of an abscess can be as short as one or two weeks

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Genetic Susceptibility

  Historically, the contribution of genetic factors to an individual’s predisposition for the development of oral infections has been largely unstudied.    In the age of genetic medicine, it is becoming apparent that genetic variability can account for significant changes in innate and adaptive immune responses, with some clear implications for the development of maxillofacial infections (Munz et al., 2017).    One such study identified genetic variation in the genes DEFB1 and LTF that were linked with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis (Zupin et al., 2017). These genes encode the proteins beta-defensins 1 and lactoferrin, both of which contribute to the oral innate immune system.
Read more

Viral infections

 The oral cavity can be targeted by a variety of viral pathogens (Tyring, 2006). While these viral infections are variable in severity, they are more virulent in individuals with compromised immune systems (Regezi, 2016). Viruses are biologically different than bacteria or fungi in that viruses are not capable of replication and proliferation by themselves. A virus particle, or virion, consists of a protective protein coat called a capsid that contains the viral genome.   The viral genome is encoded with either deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA), depending on the viral species. The capsid includes proteins that target specific cell types in specific species as well as mechanisms for entering into the target cell types. The host cell’s own protein machinery then replicates the virus’s genetic material and produces the viral proteins required for capsid formation encoded by the virus’s genome. This replicates the virus, allowing more copies to be released to...
Read more

Irreversible Pulpitis- Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  Definition Irreversible pulpitis is a persistent inflammatory condition of the pulp, symptomatic or asymptomatic in nature with the pulp becoming incapable of healing. Types There are two types of Irreversible Pulpitis 1) Asymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis 2) Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis Causes/Etiology CAUSES/ETIOLOGY  Most common is Dental Caries Chemical, Mechanical and Thermal injuries to pulp Untreated reversible pulpitis Symptoms SYMPTOMS Pain is caused by sudden change in temperature specially cold, sweet or acidic food items and pressure from food entrapped in tooth cavity Pain remains even after the removal of stimulus. Pain can be spontaneous which can be Sharp, Piercing, Intermittent or Continuous in nature Pain exacerbated by lying down or on bending due to increase in intr...
Read more
Flipkart.com
The more the merrier 🎈
Combos
Formal Shirts Sarees
Kids' Apparel Fragrance
Skin Care Hair Care
Cookware Sets Kitchen Containers
Curtains Bath Towels
Gourmet Food Art Accessories
We hope you enjoy emails from Flipkart. If you wish to unsubscribe, please click here.