Endodontic Microbiology

 

  • Microorganisms cause virtually all pathoses of the pulp and periapical tissue. 
  • Major etiological factor of apical periodontitis. 
  • To effectively treat endodontic infections, clinicians must recognize the cause and effect of microbial invasion of the dental pulp space and the surrounding periapical tissues. 
  • The ultimate goal of endodontic treatment is either to prevent the development of apical periodontitis or, in cases where the disease is already present, to create adequate conditions for peri-radicular tissue healing.

HISTORY

Since many years, the interrelationship of microorganisms and the root canal system have been proved. 

  • Leeuwenhoek observed infected root canal of a tooth and found “cavorting beasties”. 
  • 17th century: AV Leeuwenhoek first described oral microflora. 
  • 1890: WD Miller (Father of oral microbiology) authorized book “Microorganisms of human mouth”. 
  • 1904: F Billings described theory of focal infection as a circumscribed area of tissue with pathognomic microorganisms.
  • 1909: EC Rosenow described theory of focal infection as localized or generalized infection caused by bacteria traveling via bloodstream from distant focus of infection. 
  • 1939: Fish observed four distinct zones of periapical reaction in response to infection. 
  • 1965: Kakehashi et al proved that bacteria are responsible for pulpal and periapical disease. 
  • 1976: Sundqvist used different culturing techniques for identification of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms and concluded that root canal infections are multibacterial.

ROUTES OF ROOT CANAL INFECTION



MICROBIAL VIRULENCE AND PATHOGENICITY

Pathogenicity is ability of microorganisms to produce a disease. 

Virulence is degree of pathogenicity. 

Virulence factors are the microbial products, structural cellular components, or strategies that contribute to pathogenicity. 

Some microorganisms routinely cause disease in a given host and are called primary pathogens. Other microorganisms cause disease only when host defenses are impaired and are called opportunistic pathogens.

VIRULENT FACTOR


VIRULENT

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